Cardiovascular disease, especially congestive heart failure, may cause unexplained weight loss. Changes to metabolic demands can be caused by illness, surgery and organ dysfunction. Eating restrictions may also be imposed as part of treatment or investigations. These observations have led to the conclusion that the disparities in breastfeeding rates are also associated with variations in hospital routines, independent of the populations served. Patients who have uremia often have poor or absent appetite, vomiting and nausea. Given the documented short- and long-term medical and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding, infant nutrition should be considered a public health issue and not only a lifestyle choice. Other losses: Conditions such as burns can be associated with losses such as skin exudates. Inability to eat can result from: diminished consciousness or confusion, or physical problems affecting the arm or hands, swallowing or chewing. Abstract Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition. Furthermore, 24% of maternity services provide supplements of commercial infant formula as a general practice in the first 48 hours after birth. Fungal illnesses, endocarditis, many parasitic diseases, AIDS, and some other subacute or occult infections may cause weight loss. Intentional weight loss is commonly referred to as slimming. TABLE 1 Healthy People Targets 2010 and 2020(%) The rate of initiation of breastfeeding for the total US population based on the latest National Immunization Survey data are 75%.
About one-third of unintentional weight loss cases are secondary to malignancy. The American Academy of Pediatrics reaffirms its recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding as complementary foods are introduced, with continuation of breastfeeding for 1 year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant. Losses from the gastrointestinal can occur because of symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea, as well as fistulae and stomas. Infant growth should be monitored with the World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Curve Standards to avoid mislabeling infants as underweight or failing to thrive. Cancers to suspect in patients with unexplained weight loss include gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobilary ( hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer ), ovarian, hematologic or lung malignancies. Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve fitness and health, or to change appearance through slimming. Cancer, a very common and sometimes fatal cause of unexplained ( idiopathic ) weight loss. Poor appetite can be a direct symptom of an illness, or an illness could make eating painful or induce nausea. There can also be losses from drains, including nasogastric tubes. Weight loss issues related to specific diseases include. 11 This overall rate, however, obscures clinically significant sociodemographic and cultural differences. This can result from conditions that affect the digestive system. Thus, it appears that although the breastfeeding initiation rates have approached the 2010 Healthy People targets, the targets for duration of any breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding have not been met. Lack of food can result from: poverty, difficulty in shopping or cooking, and poor quality meals. Pediatricians play a critical role in their practices and communities as advocates of breastfeeding and thus should be knowledgeable about the health risks of not breastfeeding, the economic benefits to society of breastfeeding, and the techniques for managing and supporting the breastfeeding dyad.
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